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Introduction
Cold weather can be risky for anyone, but especially for older
people. Almost everyone is familiar with winter hazards such as
broken bones from falls on ice or breathing difficulties triggered
by cold air. But the winter chill can also lead to a temperature
drop inside the body that can be deadly if not found quickly and
treated properly. This lowered body temperature, usually brought on
by staying in a cool place for a long time, is called hypothermia
(hi-po-ther-mee-uh). It is a special problem for older people, who
often have other illnesses or take medications that can interfere
with the body’s ability to regulate its temperature.
What is hypothermia?
Hypothermia is marked by unusually low body temperatures, below
96? F (35.5? C) - well below the body’s normal temperature of
98.6? F (37? C). What may seem like a mere couple of degrees can
have a devastating effect. Severe hypothermia can cause an irregular
heartbeat leading to heart failure and death.
Body temperature is a balance between how much heat is produced
and how much is lost. The brain acts as a thermostat, sending and
receiving signals to and from parts of the body that affect
temperature: the spinal cord, muscles, blood vessels, endocrine
system, and skin. The body has many different reactions to cold.
Shivering by the muscles, for instance, is one way the body produces
heat. Muscles shiver in response to messages sent by the nerves;
shivering increases muscle cell activity, which in turn produces
heat.
What to look for
How can you tell if someone has hypothermia? If a person says he
or she is unusually cold, check their temperature with a
thermometer. Older people may be reluctant to complain, or are
unaware of how serious the cold can be. Look for these signs of
hypothermia:
- Confusion or sleepiness
- Slowed, slurred speech, or shallow breathing
- Weak pulse; low blood pressure
- A change in behavior during cold weather or a change in the
way a person looks
- Excess shivering or no shivering; stiffness in the arms or
legs
- Chilly rooms or other signs that the person has been in a cold
place
- Poor control over body movements or slow reactions
To figure out whether someone is suffering from hypothermia, take
his or her temperature with a thermometer. First shake the
thermometer to below its lowest point. Then, if the temperature
appears to be below 96? F (35.5? C) or it can’t be read on an
oral thermometer, take the person’s temperature again using a
rectal thermometer for a more exact reading. If the thermometer
still does not show the temperature or is below 96 degrees F, call
for emergency help. The only way to tell accurately if a person has
hypothermia is to use a special thermometer that can read
temperatures below 94? F (34? C). Most hospitals have these
thermometers.
Treatment and recovery from hypothermia
The most important step in treating hypothermia is to make a
person warm and dry. He or she must be seen by a doctor, preferably
one who knows about the condition and who is located in a
well-equipped hospital emergency room. There, the doctors will warm
the body from inside out. For example, they may give the person warm
fluids intravenously (I.V.).
If you suspect that a person has hypothermia and emergency help
is not available right away, move the person to a warmer location,
if possible, and wrap him or her in a warm blanket to stop further
heat loss. You can also use your own body heat to keep the person
warm. Lie close to the victim, but be gentle and do not handle the
person roughly. Rubbing the person’s arms and legs, as many
rescuers are tempted to do, can make the problem worse.
Chances for recovery depend on how long a person was exposed to
the cold and his or her general health. If body temperature has not
dropped below 90? F (32.2? C), chances for a total recovery are
usually good. If body temperature has fallen to between 80? F
(26.6? C) and 90? F (32.2? C), most people will recover, but some
lasting damage is likely. If the temperature goes under 80? F
(26.6? C), most victims will not survive.
Some Safety Tips!
- Guarding against hypothermia
Living conditions, illness, and some medicines (those affecting
the body’s ability to respond to cold) increase the risk for
hypothermia.
- Environment
People who live in poorly heated homes risk getting accidental
hypothermia when the weather is cold. Even mildly cool
temperatures of 60? F (15.5? C) to 65? F (18.3? C) can trigger
the condition. Homes can have inadequate insulation, or people
with low incomes and little savings may keep temperatures in the
dangerous range as they try to keep heating bills down.
Some help is available. To improve insulation, some states fund
programs to help low income families “weatherize” their homes.
You can contact your state or local energy agency or the local
power or gas company for more information. Weatherizing your home,
or heating only one or two of the in-use rooms of a house, will
keep the heating bills down.
In addition, some low-income families may qualify for help in
paying their heating bills. State and local energy agencies, or
gas and electric companies, have special programs. You can contact
them for details. Also, if a person cannot pay a utility bill,
many states and cities now have laws that stop landlords from
cutting off gas or electricity in cold weather, at least until
other plans are made. Do not wait for winter to find out about
these programs.
Check with your local government about the laws that may apply,
then pass this information along to a relative or an older person’s
legal representative.
Older people may be vulnerable to hypothermia even when they
live in nursing homes or group facilities. These institutions have
to be careful when lowering temperatures, because patients who are
already sick may have special difficulty keeping warm.
Being knowledgeable about the weather can help reduce risks
too. For example, brisk winds cause more rapid heat loss than
calmer weather. Weather forecasters call this the wind-chill
factor. They often suggest, even when the temperature itself is
not very low, that the wind-chill factor is low enough for people
to stay indoors.
- Health
Some illnesses and medications place a person at risk because
they affect the way the body handles cold temperatures. Illnesses
that may blunt the response to cold include:
- Slow thyroid (hypothyroidism) or other disorders of the body’s
hormone system.
- Stroke or other disorders that cause paralysis and reduce
awareness.
- Severe arthritis, Parkinson’s disease, or other illnesses
that limit activity.
- Any condition that curbs the normal flow of blood.
- Memory disorders.
Certain medicines also increase the risk of accidental
hypothermia. They include drugs used to treat anxiety, depression,
or nausea, and some over-the-counter cold remedies. Ask your
doctor how your medicines affect body heat. In addition to some
medication, alcoholic drinks lower the body’s ability to retain
heat.
Stopping accidental hypothermia
Increased awareness is the most effective way to prevent and
treat accidental hypothermia. Older people, their families, and
friends should keep alert for hypothermia risks and try to reduce
them. Keep older people warm and dry during cool weather. Doctors,
nurses, and health professionals - including those working in
emergency rooms - must remember to check for hypothermia.
Remember these important facts
- Accidental hypothermia is a drop in body temperature to below
96? F (35.5? C).
- Older people are at risk of hypothermia not only in cold
weather, but in mildly cool temperatures as well.
- Hypothermia affects older people more often than younger
people.
- Alcoholic drinks, certain illnesses, and some medications can
affect the body’s ability to regulate temperature.
- A person suffering from hypothermia is often confused, sleepy,
or can have slurred speech.
- Hypothermia is dangerous and requires immediate medical care.
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